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- <text id=91TT0205>
- <title>
- Jan. 28, 1991: An Echo From The Past
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Jan. 28, 1991 War In The Gulf
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- THE GULF WAR, Page 78
- HISTORY
- An Echo from the Past
- </hdr><body>
- <p>In 1956, a war in the Middle East and a crackdown by Moscow took
- place in a single week. Sound familiar?
- </p>
- <p>By OTTO FRIEDRICH--Research by Val Castronovo
- </p>
- <p> War breaks out in the Middle East as the Western powers
- attack an ambitious Arab dictator. The Soviet Union, threatened
- by revolution within its empire, takes advantage of the Middle
- East crisis to crush the rebellion. No, that was not just last
- week's news in the Persian Gulf and the Baltics; it was what
- happened during one tragic week late in 1956.
- </p>
- <p> Then, as now, all of Eastern Europe was in a state of
- nationalist turmoil. Only three years after the death of Joseph
- Stalin, Communist Party Secretary Nikita Khrushchev was trying
- to reform the brutal dictatorship that Stalin created, but each
- attempt at change triggered new disturbances. Khrushchev
- stunned the Communist Party Congress that February by his
- secret speech acknowledging for the first time Stalin's myriad
- crimes. That speech strengthened anti-Soviet dissidents
- throughout Eastern Europe.
- </p>
- <p> When some 200,000 Budapest students and workers marched to
- the parliament building on Kossuth Square on Oct. 23, they had
- no thought of overthrowing the Communist regime. They wanted
- mainly to petition the leadership for various reforms,
- including the return to power of a moderate Communist leader,
- Imre Nagy. Party Secretary Erno Gero scornfully rejected their
- pleas and called them "enemies of the people." The
- demonstrators then paraded to the main broadcasting station to
- put their case on the air. Security police opened fire, but
- Hungarian army reinforcements balked.
- </p>
- <p> Many soldiers joined the students or handed over their
- weapons. Two Soviet mechanized divisions stationed outside
- Budapest rumbled into the city and were met by sniper fire and
- Molotov cocktails. The unimaginable was happening: for the
- first time in history, a Soviet satellite state was succeeding
- in open, armed revolt.
- </p>
- <p> The Soviets agreed to turn over the premiership to Nagy, a
- walrus-mustachioed intellectual; the hated Gero was replaced
- by Janos Kadar. Nagy tried to slow the revolution, but the
- street crowds kept applying pressure. He agreed to take
- noncommunists into his government. Going further, he formally
- asked the Soviets to leave, announced Hungary's withdrawal from
- the Warsaw Pact and asked the U.N. to guarantee his country's
- neutrality. On Oct. 29, it was announced that the Soviets had
- begun withdrawing from Budapest.
- </p>
- <p> That same day, Israel invaded Egypt.
- </p>
- <p> At the center of this rival crisis stood Egypt's charismatic
- President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had seized power in 1952 and
- had vowed to unite the Arab world under his leadership. The
- Soviets encouraged him with arms and money. U.S. Secretary of
- State John Foster Dulles retaliated by canceling his promise
- to help finance the Aswan High Dam, which Nasser hoped would
- harness the Nile. Nasser struck back in July 1956 by seizing
- the Suez Canal, still legally owned by the Franco-British Suez
- Canal Co.
- </p>
- <p> While Dulles engaged in protracted legal and diplomatic
- maneuvers to restrain Nasser, the British, French and Israelis--who all regarded Nasser as a "new Hitler"--formed a secret
- alliance to attack him. After the Israelis marched across the
- Sinai Desert, the supposedly neutral British and French said
- they had to protect the canal and sent in paratroops on Nov.
- 5.
- </p>
- <p> That was just one day after the withdrawing Soviet tanks
- turned around and rolled back into Budapest. Soviet commanders
- claimed they were doing so at the request of Kadar, who was
- actually hiding in a Soviet command post outside the city. Nagy
- took refuge in the Yugoslav embassy but was later lured out,
- seized and hanged. After about a month of sporadic fighting,
- the Hungarian revolt was liquidated.
- </p>
- <p> So was the attack on the Suez Canal. President Dwight D.
- Eisenhower and Dulles, feeling betrayed by their allies,
- insisted that the invaders withdraw. So did the Soviets, who
- threatened to intervene on Egypt's side. The invaders gave in.
- Within two months, Nasser had his canal back, for which he
- ultimately paid $81 million.
- </p>
- <p> Did the Suez attack encourage or enable the Soviets to crush
- Hungary? In his memoirs, Khrushchev talks of defending Hungary
- from "counterrevolution," but he more candidly told an ally
- that he had to act, or the West "will say we are either stupid
- or soft." But would he actually have done it if the West had
- not been divided and distracted by the Suez events? Or to put
- it another way, what did Mikhail Gorbachev last week consider
- to be the lessons of 1956, and how do they apply to the Baltic
- states' demands for independence?
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-